Gusana bateri yimodoka na e-gare bizigama amafaranga nubutunzi, ariko ibibazo bidindiza iterambere ryinganda
Umutunzi Benoit ahamagarwa inshuro zigera kuri eshatu kumunsi na banyiri Tesla Model S ishaje bateri ye yatangiye kunanirwa mumaduka ye yimodoka, Garage ya Electrified.Batteri zishobora gutanga ibirometero amagana intera zitunguranye zirashobora kumara ibirometero 50 gusa kwishyurwa.Izi modoka akenshi ntizizana garanti, kandi gusimbuza bateri birashobora kugura hejuru ya $ 15,000.
Kubicuruzwa byinshi, gusana nuburyo bwubukungu kuruta gusimburwa.Benoit uyobora imwe mu maduka yigenga ya Tesla yo gusana muri Amerika, yavuze ko bateri nyinshi za Tesla zishobora gusanwa.Ariko kubera igihe n'amahugurwa arimo, impungenge z'umutekano hamwe no kugorana gusana, Benoit avuga ko gusana bateri y'imodoka mu iduka rye bishobora gutwara amadorari agera ku 10,000, kurusha abaguzi benshi bifuza kwishyura.Ahubwo, abantu benshi bahitamo kugurisha cyangwa gusiba imodoka zabo za kera hanyuma bakagura Tesla nshya.
Benoit yagize ati: “[Imodoka] isa n'ikintu gishobora gukoreshwa ubu, nka televiziyo.”
Ubunararibonye bwa Benoit bwerekana ikibazo abemera hakiri kare ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi nibikoresho bya micromobilisite yamashanyarazi nka e-gare na e-scooters batangiye guhura nabyo: Izi modoka zirimo bateri nini, zihenze zidashoboka mugihe runaka.Kongera gukora bateri birashobora gutanga inyungu zirambye mukuzigama ingufu nubutunzi bwakoreshwa mugukora bateri nshya.Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, birimo bateri nini cyane zigomba gukoreshwa mumyaka kugirango ziveho imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone yakozwe mugihe cyakozwe.Ariko ibinyabiziga byinshi byamashanyarazi na bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi byakozwe kugirango bigoye gusanwa, kandi nababikora bamwe baca intege imyitozo, bavuga impungenge z'umutekano.Ibishushanyo mbonera, ibisabwa byumutekano hamwe no kubura ibice bituma bigora abakanishi bake bigenga bashinzwe gutanga ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi cyangwa bateri ya e-gare kugirango basane.
Timothée Rouffignac uyobora uruganda ruto rwo gusana batiri e-gare yitwa Daurema i Buruseli mu Bubiligi agira ati: "Muri batiri harimo imyanda myinshi ishobora kuvugururwa."Ariko “kubera ko batagenewe gusanwa, biragoye kubona igiciro cyiza.”
Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion muri terefone zigendanwa zirimo "selile" igizwe na anite ya grafite, cathode y'icyuma na electrolyte y'amazi yemerera ioni ya lithium kuva muruhande rumwe ikajya kurundi, bigatanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi.Amashanyarazi ya gare yamashanyarazi mubisanzwe arimo selile nyinshi.Hagati aho, bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi irashobora kuba irimo selile zibarirwa mu bihumbi kugeza ku bihumbi, akenshi bipakirwa muri "modules" hanyuma bigahuzwa mubipaki.Usibye selile na modules, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi na bateri ya e-gare akenshi harimo sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ikurikirana ubuzima bwa bateri kandi ikagenzura ibiciro byo kwishyuza no gusohora.
Batteri zose za lithium-ion zangirika mugihe kandi amaherezo bizasaba gusimburwa.Nyamara, iyo bateri irimo selile nyinshi kugiti cye nibindi bice, ubuzima bwayo burashobora rimwe na rimwe kwongerwa binyuze mugusana, inzira ikubiyemo kumenya no gusimbuza selile cyangwa modul zangiritse, ndetse no gusana ibindi bice bitari byiza, nka sisitemu yo gucunga nabi bateri.Rimwe na rimwe, module imwe yonyine igomba gusimburwa.Gusimbuza iyi module, aho gusimbuza bateri yose, bigabanya gukenera ibyuma nka lithium, kimwe n’ibyuka bihumanya bijyana no gukora bateri isimburwa (cyangwa imodoka nshya).Gavin Harper, umushakashatsi wiga ku buryo burambye bwa batiri muri kaminuza ya Birmingham mu Bwongereza, yagize ati:
Mugihe bidashoboka byanze bikunze, urashobora kuzigama amafaranga ukoresheje bateri yawe.Mubisanzwe, gusana bateri ya EV bisaba hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyigiciro cya bateri nshya.Cox Automotive ivuga ko kuva yatangira gutanga serivisi zo gusana batiri ya EV mu 2014, yazigamye batare zirenga 1 za gigawatt, zihagije kugira ngo ibone amashanyarazi mashya agera ku 17.000 atayashyira mu gihe kitaragera.
Helps yabwiye Grist ati: "Hariho impamvu nyinshi zituma gusana bitwara amafaranga menshi kuruta gusimburwa."
Ariko abahanga bavuga ko gusana bateri ari bibi kandi ntibigomba gukorerwa murugo cyangwa kubwa mbere.Niba bateri yangiritse mugihe cyo gusana, irashobora gutera uruziga rugufi, rushobora kuvamo umuriro cyangwa guturika.Kunanirwa kwambara uturindantoki twinshi twa voltage mugihe ugerageza gusana bishobora kuviramo amashanyarazi.Niba utazi icyo ukora, John Matna, nyiri iduka ryo gusana e-gare Chattanooga Electric Bike Co, yavuze ko bateri zimwe z’amashanyarazi zirimo “umuyoboro uhagije wo kwica umuntu. ”
Ifasha kuvuga ko gusubiramo bateri bisaba byibura imyitozo ya voltage nini, uburambe bwamashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo kurinda umuntu, hamwe n "" ubumenyi bwibanze bwububiko nuburyo bateri ikora. "Abashaka gusana bateri ya EV nabo bakeneye ibikoresho byo kuzamura imodoka hasi no kuvanaho bateri, ishobora gupima ibiro ibihumbi.
Benoit yagize ati: "Abantu bake cyane barashobora cyangwa bagerageza no kugerageza ikintu nk'iki."
Ariko nabafite imyitozo ikwiye akenshi bafite ikibazo cyo gusana ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi cyangwa bateri ya e-gare kubera igishushanyo cyabo.Bateri nyinshi za e-gare ziza mubisanduku biramba bya pulasitiki bigoye, niba bidashoboka, gufungura bitangiza ibyimbere.Imbere muri bateri ya e-gare cyangwa moderi ya batiri ya EV, selile akenshi zomekwa cyangwa zisudira hamwe, bigatuma bigorana cyangwa bidashoboka gusimbuza kugiti cye.Byongeye kandi, nkuko raporo ya 2021 y’ikigo cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi ibigaragaza ibigaragaza, bateri zimwe na zimwe za EV zirimo porogaramu zishobora gutuma bateri ihagarara niba hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko byangiritse.
Ababikora bavuga ko bateri zabo zagenewe guteza imbere umutekano, kuramba no gukora, ariko ibi birashobora kuza biturutse ku gusanwa, kuko inganda nyinshi zikubiyemo igihe cya garanti (ubusanzwe imyaka ibiri kubirango bikomeye na e-gare) zitanga abasimbura kubusa. cyangwa ku giciro.bateri.Imashanyarazi ikoresha imyaka 8 kugeza 10 cyangwa kilometero 100.000).Ku rundi ruhande, abunganira gusana bavuga ko ibishushanyo mbonera bifite ibyuma bisubira inyuma nka clips zivanwaho cyangwa kaseti zifata bidasaba guhungabanya umutekano kandi ko inyungu z’ibishushanyo mbonera zisumba kure ibiciro.
Abanyapolitike b'Abanyaburayi batangiye kumva ababunganira.Muri Kanama, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi washyizeho amabwiriza mashya agamije gutuma bateri zangiza ibidukikije.Mubindi bintu, bikubiyemo ingingo isaba bateri zikoreshwa muri e-gare nizindi “modoka zoroheje” nka e-scooters kugirango zikorerwe nabanyamwuga bigenga, kugeza kurwego rwakagari.Uruganda rwa e-gare rw’i Burayi rwamaganye cyane iri tegeko kubera impungenge z’umutekano, icyemezo cya batiri ndetse n’inshingano zemewe n'amategeko, ubu rukaba rurimo guhangana n’uburyo bwo kubahiriza.
Uruganda rukora batiri ya e-gare Bosch yabwiye Grist ati: "Turacyareba uburyo dushobora kuzuza ibisabwa n'amabwiriza mashya ya batiri y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi mu gihe twubahiriza amabwiriza y’umutekano akurikizwa ndetse n’ubuziranenge bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru".Bosch yavuze imbogamizi zugarije inganda.“Ibinyuranyo bigaragara muri Amerika,” aho “hashyirwaho amabwiriza akomeye ndetse n'amahame yo mu rwego rwo hejuru kuri bateri ya e-gare na sisitemu.”
Mubyukuri, komisiyo ishinzwe umutekano w’ibicuruzwa by’umuguzi iherutse gutangaza ko irimo gusuzuma amabwiriza ya e-gare na bateri zabo.Bije nyuma yuko umuriro wa batiri ya e-bike uherutse kandi gukora ibikorwa bya politiki byaho.Njyanama y’Umujyi wa New York iherutse guhindura amategeko y’umuriro kugira ngo ibuze “guteranya cyangwa gusana bateri ya lithium-ion” ikoreshwa na bateri zikoreshwa mu zindi bateri, abasana rimwe na rimwe bakabikora.
Uyu mujyi kandi uherutse gutora amategeko asaba abakora ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi kwemeza ko bateri y’ibicuruzwa byabo byemewe ku gishushanyo mbonera cya UL 2271, kigamije guteza imbere umutekano.Bateri yongeye gukorwa yujuje ibi bisabwa, nk'uko byatangajwe na Ibrahim Jilani, umuyobozi ushinzwe ikoranabuhanga ry’umuguzi ku isi muri UL Solutions, isosiyete mpuzamahanga igerageza ibipimo ngenderwaho by’umutekano ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye by’inganda n’ibikoresha.Igipimo kimwe.Ariko Gilani yavuze ko amasosiyete yo gusana agomba “kugumana igishushanyo mbonera nk'uko byari bimeze mbere yo gusana,” harimo gukoresha bateri n'ibikoresho bya elegitoronike bigize kimwe na moderi.Jilani yavuze ko amaduka yo gusana bateri agomba no gukorerwa igenzura rya UL inshuro enye mu mwaka, bikazabatwara amadolari arenga 5,000 ku mwaka.*
Ugereranije n'amagare y'amashanyarazi, abadepite baruhutse cyane kubijyanye no gusana bateri ya EV.Nta mategeko cyangwa amabwiriza yihariye muri Amerika akemura iki kibazo.Amategeko mashya y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na yo ntabwo akemura ikibazo cyo gusana bateri y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ariko arasaba gusa ko abadepite bavugurura amabwiriza y’imodoka ku giti cyabo “kugira ngo izo bateri zishobore gukurwaho, gusimburwa no gusenywa.”
Ishyirahamwe ry’ubwishingizi mu Budage GDV “rishyigikiye cyane” igitekerezo, umuvugizi yabwiye Grist.Mu Kwakira, iryo tsinda ryashyize ahagaragara ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi byatwaye amafaranga ya gatatu yo gusana ugereranije n’ibinyabiziga bigereranywa na lisansi, igisubizo kikaba cyarasobanuwe igice n’igiciro kinini cyo gusana cyangwa gusimbuza bateri.
Umuvugizi wa GDV yabwiye Grist ati: "Abakora amamodoka benshi ntibazemera gusana batiri nubwo agasanduku ka batiri kangiritse gato".Abakora amamodoka rimwe na rimwe bahitamo gusimbuza bateri niba imodoka yagize impanuka aho umufuka woherejwe.Umuvugizi yavuze ko ubwo buryo bwombi “bushobora gutuma amafaranga yo gusana yiyongera” kandi amaherezo akaba ari menshi mu bwishingizi.
Amabwiriza mashya yerekeye gusana bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi aje mugihe gikomeye.Ubufasha bwa Cox Automotive bwavuze ko hari inzira ebyiri icyarimwe mugushushanya kwa batiri ya EV: “Batteri izoroha cyane kuyitunga cyangwa ntizishobora kuzigama na gato.”
Batteri zimwe, nka bateri ya Volkswagen ID.4, ifite moderi yuburyo bwa Lego byoroshye kuyikuramo no kuyisimbuza.Izindi paki za batiri, nkibikoresho bishya bya Tesla 4680, nta modules namba.Ahubwo, selile zose zifatanije hamwe kandi zifatanije na bateri ubwayo.Ifasha gusobanura iki gishushanyo nk "kidasubirwaho."Niba habonetse ipaki ya batiri yangiritse, bateri yose igomba gusimburwa.
Helps yagize ati: "Biracyari bateri ishobora gukoreshwa rwose."“Ntushobora kubikosora.”
Iyi ngingo yabanje gutangazwa na Grist, umuryango udaharanira inyungu wibitangazamakuru bivuga ikirere, ubutabera nigisubizo.
Scientific American ni igice cya Kamere ya Springer, ifite cyangwa ifitanye isano nubucuruzi nibitabo ibihumbi byubumenyi (ibyinshi murashobora kubisanga kuri www.springernature.com/us).Siyanse y'Abanyamerika ikomeza politiki ihamye yo kwigenga mu gutanga amakuru mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi ku basomyi bacu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-26-2023